Horse Color Genetics: A Little More on Sabino

Here is the last post I did on overo, but since I have learned much more and would like to do seperate posts, going a little more indepth on each overo type.

Sabino is a part of the KIT gene, which are a set of genes that share the same locus. Roan, dominant white, and tobiano all fall in as some of the others. It is also an incomplete dominant gene, meaning that, whether in heterozygous or homozygous form, the pattern will express itself in different ways.

Sabino is also classified as an overo pattern. However, it has so many different forms that many people don't know how to describe it. The following horses are all sabino:

While the two horses in the middle have very similar markings, the top and bottom one aren't even comparable. That is how much variation there is in the mutation.

The first three horses were all heterozygotes; one dominant copy of the gene. The last one is what is called 'maximum sabino', and it is homozygous for sabino, or SB1. Along with dominant white, maximum sabino can sometimes be confused for albino, but in reality it is, just like dominant white, like a giant white spot that covers up the color underneath. They always have dark eyes, unless combined with other genes which might cause blue eyes.

In the most recent equine genetics book available, The Equine Tapestry, Lesli Kathman talks a little about SB1 and why it has the number on the end. Scientists are anticipating more sabino mutations that are yet undiscovered, but SB1 is the only one that is testable at the moment.

Within the heterozygous range, the pattern can vary immensely, from almost not there, to a fully fledged pinto pattern that can be mistaken as nothing else. Because of this, sabino is hard to breed for. Minimum and maximum form within the heterozygotes is not neccesarily transferred from parent to offspring. For example: a maximum heterozygote could produce a minimum heterozygote, and vice versa.

Note: the difference between maximum sabino heterozygotes and maximum sabino homozygotes is tremendous; the former usually represents itself in the loud pinto form, the latter in the all white form.

Many heterozygous sabinos have some kind of roaning, making the patches less defined than many of the other pinto genes. Some have even been mistaken as plain 'roan' (also sometimes called true roan). Any of the above horses have just the tiniest bit of roaned out bit, but be careful when identifying sabino's, as horses that actually carry both roan and sabino will probably be more defined than you would think.

Sabino can be identified easily in a more maximum form, by the irregular splotchy patches that look like the horse was randomly splattered with paint, and is usually accompanied by some kind of large face marking and stockings. Minimum forms can be easy to mistake, however, for minimum forms of other patterns such as frame or splash. Sadly, I have no rules as to how to differentiate the two, other than the tendency to 'behave' differently. Maximum heterozygous forms can be almost indistinguishable from several of the dominant white mutations, especially within Arabians. The two arabians below have good examples of what some may not recognize as a pinto pattern.

In breeds where pinto colors are not 'available', like Arabians and Clydesdales, sabino is very much a part of. It has been noted, however that Clydesdales do not carry SB1, but almost every single one has some form of sabino. The mutation may be specific to the breed, but that is yet unknown. Notice the large face markings, tall stockings, and belly spots, which all are indicators of some kind of white patterning gene.

If many breeds allow sabino, but not other pinto patterns, the question my mind keeps wandering back to is this: should sabino actually be considered a pinto gene? In most cases, most horsemen don't consider bald face markings, tall stockings, or even small belly spots to be anything of consequence. And homozygous sabinos can barely be called pinto at all.

I would say, in my own opinion, that minimum heterozygous sabinos are much more common than maximum heterozygous sabinos. Even if you look up pictures of the former, there are many more than, because the owners don't see them as anything in particular, aren't labeled as such.

Surprise, Surprise!

For the second camping trip in our lovely new trailer, the Kodiak, Dad announced on Friday evening that we would be leaving the very next day for an overnight at Willow Creek. After going there two other times (one dreadfully mosquito-filled, the other pleasant), we had no idea what the condition would be. Our new camper, with the pop-outs.

View of Willow Creek Campground, from the road

There weren't no mosquito's, but they weren't thick at all. Being mid-June, I only got one bite on my ankle, and that might have been it between the four of us. I did, however, pick up dozens of flea bites from sitting on the dusty beach.

The surprise previously referred to was a pair of kayaks, which Dad has been talking about buying for years. They were wildly successful, and proved to be the best part of the overnight stay. We each had two turns, one Saturday, one Sunday. They were quite a chore just to haul up the bank to the car; Dad claims they are light, but the rest of us don't agree.

We hauled the kayaks before opening up the boxes, so burning those huge boxes caused this giant fireball.

Even for just a short stay, we saw ospreys, a rattlesnake, and a river otter while kayaking.

How Do I Learn?

As a homeschooler, there are certain questions I get asked all the time. Any homeschooler will tell you that, on a weekly basis, they will be asked: Do you 'do' school during the summer? Are you properly socialized? Is your mom your teacher? Do you use curriculum?

While I'm at it, the answers are, for me, yes, yes, no, and no.  My answers surprise most people, and explanations are always in order. I'm also surprised right back when I discover that people don't really want to know the answers, or a real explanation. The briefest answer I can give will usually suffice.

The truth is, I use everything, and nothing, to help me learn. Curriculum, the most common method of teaching in either school or 'homeschool', is merely a book full of information. I can learn anything out of text book in millions of different forms, whether it is hands-on, through the internet, or though the library, any time I want to. That is why no, we do not use curriculum.

The next question, if someone really wanted to dig, would be, 'if you don't use curriculum, then how do you learn?' This makes me laugh; the question is really, in disguise, 'how do you know, or have proof, that you are learning?'

It matters not if I have proof written out in a grade. What does a grade even mean? A grade tells you not how smart you are, and 'failing' is all in context. In 'real life', outside of school, God does not grade you, or put you on a spiritual level with Christians that are in the same maturity range, or give you an F if you forget to pray. If grades do not matter in 'real life', then why should they matter if I was in school? Or not in school, staying at home and learning that way?

My life is a testament to the fact that I am learning. I have a deep passion for learning, and also teaching. Almost anyone who knows me well also knows that there are many things I have learned through my own interest, or taught myself when there was no one around to teach me. By learning through my own interest, I mean things that I have driven myself to learn, not pushed on me by my mom or a teacher.

I love learning. I can't help it. My mom is not my teacher, because she teaches me to teach myself. I go out and learn as much as I can by myself about whatever I want, because that is how I learn. My learning process is 'real life', because I make it so.

The most common question I'm asked at the moment, by both other homeschoolers and non-homeschoolers, is 'are you 'doing' school through the summer?' Of course. Learning never stops; I don't even have the power as to whether I do or don't. Learning is my life. God does not allow us a break from life, because life never comes to a standstill until it truly ends.

If my free time is my learning time, and learning time is my free time, then why would I stop? Why would I want to? If learning can be this much fun, this satisfying, this freeing.... why would you have it any other way?

What is the Difference Between Paint and Pinto?

Among horse owners and enthusiasts, there is quite a lot of confusion on the subject of whether a horse is a paint, or a pinto. What is the difference? Is there a difference?

There is, in fact, a slight difference. But just by looking at a horse, you won't be able to tell. Any owner of a paint or pinto horse will tell you, 'Paint is a breed, Pinto is a color'. This is true to some extent, but not always.

Technically, the Paint horse is a breed. The APHA (American Paint Horse Association), because it is an official registry, doesn't allow just any paint-colored horse. They must have one parent that was registered as such, and another parent that is an approved cross-breed.

Many registries do this to allow for different types, and new blood. For example: the POAC, which is not a very old breed, allows for any POA that is crossed with an Arabian, Thoroughbred, Appaloosa, Connemara, among others, to be fully registered as long as they meet other height and color requirements. Through out-crossing, many different kinds of conformation are allowed for, whereas, if only POA blood were allowed, they would be mostly similar in build, in either a more Western type, or English type. In old breeds, like Arabians and Thoroughbreds where no outcrossing is allowed for purebreds, there is a much more typical type between all of them as a whole.

Even though it may seem that the Paint Horse is a color-oriented registry, any horse that is born solid either from two registered APHA horses or from one APHA parent and one approved outcross breed (the only out-cross breeds allowed are Quarter horses, Thoroughbreds, or Appendix (meaning 1/2 Quarter horse, 1/2 Thoroughbred)) can be registered as breeding stock. It is not the same thing as full-registry in that there are some showing restrictions, but they can produce very valuable or colorful foals by breeding back to another registered Paint horse. The horse below is a 'solid' paint.

A lot of people get confused when the owner of the horse tries to explain that their ordinary-looking horse is a registered Paint (breeding stock), but that is because most people who don't own horses don't know how registries, or genetics, work. The fact that two loudly-marked horses can produce a solid foal makes no sense. But in the genetic sense, it does. Another solid paint mare, below:

It is quite unfair, though; by reading through the APHA rules, I learned that irregular markings, or blue eyes, which both indicate some interesting genes that can produce colored foals, aren't allowed full registration.

Back to the other subject: what, then, is a pinto?

A pinto is defined by the fact that it is, and isn't, a breed.

Any horse that has paint-markings can be called a pinto. They may or may not be actually a different breed. For example: Tenessee Walking horses can be purebred, and also pinto color. If you don't know and you call them a pinto, that is totally okay, but the owner may sharply reprimand you and tell you that,  it is in fact a Tenessee Walker. Below is a paint-color Tennessee Walking horse.

Technically, there is actually a pinto registry. It's pretty cool; they are much more forgiving of breed, and you can basically double-register if you want. There are slightly more rules for registering stallions, but almost any horse that has paint markings, even with unknown parentage, can be registered. The mare below is double-registered as Half-Arabian, and also Pinto.

 In fact, any horse that shows two pinto characteristics but is not loudly marked can be registered as well. Which as basically taking into account some genetics. Registering a horse with the PtHA (Pinto Horse Association) can greatly increase a horses value, and all because of the color!

There are many un-registered paint-marked horses. Which, in any case, would be a pinto. I've found that owners of any Paint or pinto horse is very particular about calling them one or the other.

The final question: does it actually matter what you call them? To me, not really. When speaking in terms of genetics, I'll use either, although if I wanted to be technical I would use pinto because I'm only talking about the color, and not the breed.

It is fascinating how many registries there are. If you have a horse with absolutely no papers at all, there is very likely a chance you can register it somewhere.

Horse Color Genetics: The Silver Gene

Review: E/e=black or red, A/a=bay or black

Dilute genes are any genes that make the horse turn a lighter color, like dun, cream, or champagne. Silver is sometimes put in the same category, but I personally don't think of it as a dilute, but more of a modifier.

Silver, similarly to agouti, only works on horses with dominant extension (E/e, or E/E). A horse must have black pigment for silver to be 'active'. It won't show up on a horse with red pigment (e/e).

What exactly is silver? A horse with black pigment and the silver gene (abbreviated with a Z) will always have a significantly lightened mane and tail, which can range from a silver color (hence the name), to a blonde or cream color. Sometimes even a bizarre orange color, like the Morgan below.

All black pigment, whether on just the legs or over the whole body, depending on whether the horse is black or bay, is usually lightened to some degree. The normal color is sort of chocolate, but it can be much darker, but not quite pure black. The one below is on the darker end. If it is a bay horse, then the whole body will not be lightened, but the black on the legs will.

Silver is a simple dominant gene, with exceptions. One copy or two dominant copies won't make a difference, the horse will look the same. The exception is a horse with red pigment will not be silver, like I mentioned before. There is a catch, and that is that red horses, or horses with recessive extension, can still carry the gene. A red horse can have the silver gene and hide it, since there is no black pigment to lighten. The pony below could carry it, and when crossed with a black or bay horse could produce a silver baby.

When paired with a black horse, it is called 'silver dapple' or sometimes 'black silver', and with bay, 'silver bay'. Basically, add on silver to whatever the color is, with the exception of silver dapple. Silver buckskins are very pretty, although unusual. Not neccesarily rare, but silver is not very often paired with other modifiers, but it is possible. The first pony is a silver bay, and the one below is a silver buckskin.

Flaxen chestnut, which can be a very dark color, is sometimes confused with silver dapple. Because a red horse can range in color from bright red to a liver color, and then paired with a cream mane and tail, the darker flaxen chestnuts are sometimes easy to mistake as silver dapple, and vice versa. However, the silver gene usually causes the mane and tail to be not nearly as white as a flaxen chestnuts. The horse below is bay roan silver.

The color has been partially isolated in particular breeds such as Rocky Mountain, Morgan, Shetland, Miniature, and Icelandic. It can also be in Quarter horses or other breeds, but is more unusual.

Using Horse Colors to Know a Purebred

There are certain horse registries where only certain colors are allowed. Most registries have colors that are not neccesarily 'illegal', but just aren't present in a purebred. Using this information, you can have a clue as to the breed of the horse, and also to recognize a non-purebred when you see one. This could also be useful in being angry at model horse makers for using colors that are 'illegal' in certain breeds.

Let's begin with Arabians. Most Arabs are recognizable, yet the colors allowed are very limited. The coat colors allowed are:

Base colors (red, black, bay, brown)

Gray

Roan/Rabicano (it appears the AHA identifies rabicano as roan, although true roan is not apparent in the breed)

Sabino (Although not SB1, as yet unidentified)

Dominant White (careful when identifying, this can be confused for other forms of pinto)

Colors NOT allowed:

Cream (that includes palomino and buckskin)

Dun

Champagne

Appaloosa

Tobiano

Frame Overo

Splashed White

Roan

Silver

Here is a stallion that appears to be pure Arab, but his coat gives him away. The owner states that he is 7/8 pure Arabian, which is about as good as it gets in terms of color and breeding.

Most of the dominant white coats actually look more sabino compared to several of the other dominant white mutations, so they are a little more recognizable than other pinto patterns.

Quarter Horses:

The AQHA is very forgiving, and are annoyingly un-meticulous about the registry colors. There aren't really any rules. They can come in every color under the sun, but AQHA doesn't allow loud pinto patterns. Cropout-producers would be allowed, which honestly isn't fair because purebred Quarter horses could carry something like sabino and produce a loud sabino foal that couldn't be registered.

Thoroughbred:

The Jockey Club is a little unusual in that there are no genetics taken into account. Palomino is allowed, yet buckskin or any double dilutes aren't mentioned. The Jockey Club seems a bit indifferent to actual color. If another color is present, they wouldn't care about the color; rather that the foal would not be purebred.

Colors allowed:

All base colors

Palomino (am I the only one who wants to know why there aren't more of these?!?)

Gray

White (this may be double-dilute, or dominant white. Quite a few white patterning mutations are found in Thoroughbreds)

Colors Not Allowed (or simply not present)

Dun

Champagne

Rabicano

Pinto (including, I believe, SB1, meaning unusual markings wouldn't exist)

Appaloosa

They also mention roan, but it is listed with gray almost as though the process of graying could count as roan. Whether roan is actually apparent in Thoroughbreds I am unsure.

Mustangs:

Because Mustangs are allowed to just breed as they want, almost every color is allowed. Again, whether the actual gene is available is the question. I don't think any genetic studies have been done on Mustangs, other than assuming their color genes are the same because they originated from the other horses. The BLM is not really concerned about the genetics, because most people do not buy their Mustangs for breeding purposes. There aren't any rules either, so I am going to have to guess as to which colors are 'available'. Also some areas of the BLM have more color variation than others. The only color I think isn't present at all is champagne, which I believe is a domestic mutation.

Tenessee Walking Horse:

The TWHBEA is relatively loose, and Tenessee Walkers generally come in a rainbow of colors, which can make for very interesting breeding options. 

The colors allowed: 

All base colors

Cream

Champagne

Tobiano

Sabino

Roan\

Dun

Silver

Grey

'White' (it states in the rules that white is rare; I'm going to guess that they are referring to some form of dominant white)

"Overo" 

There are several things I was surprised about; I have never heard of a dun TW, but upon Googling it, there are some, but not many.

Another possibly confusing term is 'overo'. I've seen many tobianos...

And some sabinos....

But did not know that 'overo' was a possibility. The question: which one? Sabino has already been listed, so it has to be either splash, or frame.

This one looks frame, and it turns out there are quite a few of them. I can't find anything on splashed white.

To wrap all that up, the only color 'out' is appaloosa, and even then there is a registry for spotted gaited horses, a 'Walkaloosa'. 

There might be a second post in the future, talking a little more about several registries with unusual color rules.

Why the "Strong Gene" Theory Doesn't Work

While looking at stallions available, I have heard many breeders make the mistake of assuming that a horse has 'strong genes' for a certain color.

For example: one breeder owned a APHA paint stallion. They said that 90% of his foals (he had quite a few) were paint-marked. Therefore, the paint genes were 'strong', but they couldn't guarantee future offspring would be marked as well.

By using what we know to be common sense in genetics, there are no such things as 'strong' genes. There are only heterozygotes or homozygotes, making either a 50% chance of a gene or 100% chance.

Now, 90% paint-marked foals from a heterozygous stallion may seem like a really large number, but you have to remember that there are other things that could contribute to this.

1. Breeding paint to paint could mean that whatever paint genes the foal inherited could have been from the mother. 

2. The stallion is truly homozygous, but some foals were so minimally marked they were recognized as solid. In which case, that foal could produce a crop-out paint and cause a lot of confusion.

Another common mistake among breeders is to assume a horse that has like-parents produce homozygous. For example: a black horse has two black parents. Therefore he is homozygous for black.

This is also not true. If one or both parents were heterozygous for black, then the resulting foal could be heterozygous or homozygous.

All this to say: if you choose to breed and color means something to you, don't believe anything the breeder says about the numbers. Unless you use common sense to figure it out (i.e. look at other offspring and parents), or he has done a genetic color test.

For more reading on the basics, go here: http://michaelashopeandhorses.blogspot.com/2014/11/horse-color-genetics-re-explaining.html

For more reading on crop-out paints and why they happen, go here: http://michaelashopeandhorses.blogspot.com/2014/10/horse-color-genetics-identifying-crop.html

An Interesting Bit on Albinism

My dad was recently talking to me about albinism because one of his insurance customers has a grown albino child. He was very interested to hear about albino, and also was fascinated when the man told him that everyone has the possibility to produce albino. This is not exactly true, but it is close.

Everyone has heard of various albino creatures, and most people know that it is a recessive gene. But does anyone actually know what that means?

Within people, there are several different kinds of albinism. The exact way of defining it is blurred by what we see in animals. According to NOAH (National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation), most people with albinism do NOT have red eyes, which is often the most defining characteristic that we think of. What else is partially myth to albinism, and what actually causes it?

Albino is not a gene in itself, but what causes it is the gene that creates pigment. Similarly to any other genetics, when both genes are turned 'off', it creates no pigment. The reality of what no pigment means can actually vary widely within the individual. Some people do not even appear 'albino' by our standards. I am now hesitant to add any photos, unsure of what the truth about each individual case whether human or animal is.

The statement that 'all people carry the albino gene' is not quite true, because most people do not carry it. If everyone carried it, then one in four people would be albino. That is what makes it rare. The only time it can happen is when two people who are heterozygous (carriers of the recessive gene) have a baby, and only then there is a 25% chance of albino. 

Using the 'albino is recessive', that means that pigment genes are dominant. A heterozygote is a carrier for that recessive gene, but phenotypically they will appear like any other person. And, just because they are a carrier does not mean that every child of theirs will be albino.

Lastly, because this is a horse genetics blog, stay tune for Part Two: Albinism in Horses

Albinism in Horses

To follow up with the promised post after the last one, I of course have to talk about albinism in horses. To recap, albino is when there is no pigment in the skin; all genes that control color are off.

There are quite a few curiosities on the subject, including a simple fact that will surprise you: albinism has never ever been proven in horses.

While you may be able to Google quite a few images of horses that appear albino, there has never been a case in which they weren't able to prove it was something else. The horses above came up in the search, as well as the ones below.

As mentioned in the last post, red eyes only sometimes indicate albino, and there are several other things besides that would. However, with horses, there is no picture I can find of a horse with red eyes that doesn't look photo shopped, or when you look close up are actually blue eyes surrounded by pink skin.

According to various sources, blue eyes in horses is not exactly lack of pigment, and is as close to non-pigmented eyes as you can get, but again there isn't no pigment.

The most commonly mistaken color for albino is cremello, because of the very light-colored skin that often is pink with blue eyes. However, using the method of deciphering albino as in the last post, albino has no base color, and there is no pigment behind it. Cremello is a chestnut horse with two cream genes, so it would indeed have some pigment. Other double-cream horses (perlino, smoky cream) may be categorized among cremello in being mistaken for albino.
If you were to take the tiniest bit of red paint, and then add a dose of white, it makes pink. If you add even more white, it becomes light pink. Even if you keep adding white to the original red, the paint will never be truly white, no matter how much you put in.

One of the closest things to albino scientifically is dominant white. Dominant white is considered to be a white-spotting genes, along with patterns such as tobiano and frame overo. The main difference with dominant white is that it often shows up as one, huge spot, entirely covering the body and blotting out the under color. Did you notice that last sentence? 'The under color'. There is a color under there that they can pass on.

Dominant white can be expressed in many different ways, even within each specific mutation. It isn't always predictable, and because of that it isn't a fool-proof way to describe as albino. It seems like most of the time, it leaves the eyes their original brown color, although there are some cases of white. That would depend on the specific mutation.

Fully-expressed sabino is similar to dominant white, except that sabino never causes blue eyes, leaving the eyes dark.

So, I guess the underlying question is: why? Why has albino never been proven in horses? Why would horses be the exception?

Albino means there is no pigment whatsoever, and they never have any color to pass on. With all these genes, the horse also has a color underneath. The only way for a horse to be albino would be that somehow, the gene that causes pigment (extension) wouldn't be working.

Extension is the only gene that causes pigment. All the rest of the genes I speak of are simply instructions, or a way to lighten what was already there. Isn't that interesting?

For albino to happen, extension would have to find a way to not work. Because it is a dominant gene, one or two copies produces black pigment. In recessive form, it causes red pigment. That doesn't leave any option open for no pigment, see?

In the whole history of horses, we haven't found a way for it not work as of yet. Albino hasn't happened yet, that doesn't mean it can't. Extension would have to find a way to be missing entirely from the genome, but how when both parents have it boggles my mind. Colors, and the way they work, and the way we percieve them is constantly changing.